<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><article article-type="editorial" xml:lang="en">
   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PALEVO</journal-id>
         <issn>1631-0683</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(06)00189-8</article-id>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.crpv.2006.12.004</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="type">
               <subject>Mini review</subject>
            </subj-group>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
               <subject>Systematic Palaeontology (Vertebrate Palaeontology)</subject>
            </subj-group>
            <series-title>Paléontologie systématique / Systematic Palaeontology</series-title>
            <series-title>Paléontologie des Vertébrés / Vertebrate Palaeontology</series-title>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>Pathologic tooth deformities in fossil and modern sharks related to jaw injuries</article-title>
            <trans-title-group xml:lang="fr">
               <trans-title>Déformations pathologiques de dents de requins fossiles et modernes résultant de traumas ayant atteint les mâchoires</trans-title>
            </trans-title-group>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group content-type="authors">
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name>
                  <surname>Balbino</surname>
                  <given-names>Ausenda Cáceres</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>a</sup>
               </xref>
               <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>c</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
               <name>
                  <surname>Antunes</surname>
                  <given-names>Miguel Telles</given-names>
               </name>
               <email>ip241333@ip.pt</email>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>a</sup>
               </xref>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>b</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
               <aff>
                  <label>a</label> Centro de Estudos Geológicos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal</aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
            <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
               <aff>
                  <label>b</label> Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Portugal</aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
            <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
               <aff>
                  <label>c</label> Departamento de Geociências da Universidade de Évora, Colégio Luís António Verney, Rua Romão Ramalho n° 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal</aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
         </contrib-group>
         <pub-date-not-available/>
         <volume>6</volume>
         <issue>3</issue>
         <issue-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(07)X0035-6</issue-id>
         <fpage seq="0" content-type="normal">197</fpage>
         <lpage content-type="normal">209</lpage>
         <history>
            <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2006-08-28"/>
            <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2006-12-04"/>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <copyright-statement>© 2006 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
            <copyright-year>2006</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>Académie des sciences</copyright-holder>
         </permissions>
         <self-uri xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" content-type="application/pdf" xlink:href="main.pdf">
                        Full (PDF)
                    </self-uri>
         <abstract abstract-type="author">
            <p>Dental abnormalities in a tiger shark <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic> and in <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> are presented here again, along with some further ones in shark teeth. Comparisons are made with fossil and modern shark teeth abnormalities. A coalescent set of two <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> teeth is described. The gibbous shape of the crown is similar to that in <italic>S. kaupi</italic>, the preceding species of the same lineage. It therefore suggests that the differentiation of the most derived species <italic>S. pristodontus</italic> may have resulted from <italic>kaupi</italic> through size increase and development of jaws, becoming more spacious, with teeth getting broader mesio-distally. An abnormal <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> tooth is described. We regard it as a left lateral tooth from the mandible, whose crown is much deformed. Its features suggest trauma resulting from a feeding accident, maybe through biting the very compact bones of its more likely common prey, <italic>Halianassa</italic> sirenians. The last case concerns an abnormal <italic>Negaprion</italic> tooth. The most remarkable differences apart from the normal teeth concern the crown, which is irregular in shape. It shows some torsion, which also occurs in the root. A well-marked notch occurs in the mesial side. The cusp is somewhat labially bent. Trauma on the tooth-forming tissues seems to be responsible for the abnormalities under study. As far as we could ascertain, no lemon-shark dental abnormalities have previously been described. Our results stress that tooth modifications resulting from injuries to the tooth-producing tissues occurred since long ago in similar ways as in extant sharks. Biting prey's hard skeletal parts seems as always the main cause for injuries.</p>
         </abstract>
         <trans-abstract abstract-type="author" xml:lang="fr">
            <p>On présente à nouveau des anomalies dentaires observées chez un requin tigre actuel, <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic>, et chez des <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic>, en plus de quelques cas observés récemment. Des comparaisons ont été faites avec des cas d’anomalies dentaires chez des requins, fossiles et actuels. On décrit un ensemble constitué par deux dents coalescentes de <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic>. La forme gibbeuse de la couronne est très semblable à celle de <italic>S. kaupi</italic>, l’espèce précédente de la même lignée. Ceci suggère que l’espèce la plus dérivée, <italic>S. pristodontus</italic>, peut avoir résulté de <italic>kaupi</italic> par augmentation de la taille générale et de celle des mâchoires, devenues plus spacieuses et où les dents pourraient devenir plus larges mésio-distalement. Une dent anormale de <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> est décrite. Il nous semble qu’il s’agit d’une dent mandibulaire latérale gauche, à couronne très déformée. Ses caractères suggèrent une situation traumatique due à un accident, probablement la morsure des os très compacts de l’une de ses proies les plus communes, les siréniens <italic>Halianassa</italic>. Le dernier cas concerne une dent anormale de <italic>Negaprion</italic>. Les différences les plus notables par rapport aux dents normales concernent la couronne, dont la forme est irrégulière. Elle présente, aussi bien que la racine, quelque torsion. On relève une échancrure bien nette du côté mésial. La cuspide est un peu tordue labialement. Des anomalies au niveau des tissus qui produisent les dents semblent être responsables des anomalies étudiées. Pour autant que nous le sachions, aucune anomalie dentaire n’avait été décrite auparavant chez le requin-citron. Nos résultats obtenus soulignent que des modifications dentaires résultant de traumas atteignant les tissus odontogènes ont eu lieu depuis longtemps, et de façon similaire à ce qui se produit chez les sélaciens actuels. La cause principale semble être toujours la morsure de pièces dures du squelette des proies.</p>
         </trans-abstract>
         <kwd-group>
            <unstructured-kwd-group>Sharks, Abnormal teeth, Cretaceous, Miocene, Recent</unstructured-kwd-group>
         </kwd-group>
         <kwd-group xml:lang="fr">
            <unstructured-kwd-group>Requins, Dents anormales, Crétacé, Miocène, Actualité</unstructured-kwd-group>
         </kwd-group>
         <custom-meta-group>
            <custom-meta>
               <meta-name>presented</meta-name>
               <meta-value>Presented by Philippe Taquet</meta-value>
            </custom-meta>
         </custom-meta-group>
      </article-meta>
   </front>
   <body>
      <sec xml:lang="fr">
         <title>Version française abrégée</title>
         <sec>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <p>La connaissance des dents de requins fossiles a progressé beaucoup grâce à Maurice Leriche.</p>
            <p>Cette tâche a été reprise par d’autres auteurs, parmi lesquels Edgar Casier, Miguel Telles Antunes, Simon Jonet <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref> et, plus particulièrement, Henri Cappetta <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>.</p>
            <p>L’interprétation des dents fossiles peut être difficile, à cause des variations individuelles et de différences morphologiques et de taille selon leur position dans les mâchoires, ce qui augmente les risques d’identification erronée et pourrait contribuer à la description de taxa supposés nouveaux.</p>
            <p>Des caractères anormaux ont été reconnus chez des requins modernes et fossiles. Pour la plupart, ils résultent de dommages portés aux tissus producteurs de dents à la suite d’accidents en rapport avec la nourriture, le plus souvent du fait de morsures d’épines caudales de raies ou d’os de téléostéens (<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref> p. 116).</p>
            <p>Des dents de requins miocènes bien datées ont été récoltées à Lisbonne et dans la péninsule de Setúbal <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref> and <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>. Des découvertes de pièces de grosse taille étaient fréquentes dans des sablières et carrières d’argiles exploitées à Lisbonne avant 1967. Des dents magnifiques de <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> furent obtenues par Georges Zbyszewski, Octávio da Veiga Ferreira et par l’un de nous (M.T.A.).</p>
            <p>De nouvelles récoltes, avec lavage-tamisage, ont permis, depuis, d’obtenir des milliers de dents plus petites, appartenant souvent à des taxa inconnus, ou presque. Par conséquent, on a pu arriver à des perspectives plus équilibrées sur les faunes de requins. En fait, les grosses dents sont plutôt rares, et leur nombre relativement élevé dans les collections représente une distorsion de récolte due au fait qu’elles sont beaucoup plus visibles <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>. D’autres gisements ont été exploités, notamment au Campus de Caparica (Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UNL). Une dent anormale de <italic>Negaprion</italic> provient des assises du Langhien (environ 15,3 Ma), à l’ouest du bâtiment IV.</p>
            <p>Enfin, une occurrence intéressante a été découverte en mai 2005 par O. Mateus dans le Crétacé supérieur de l’Angola.</p>
            <p>Des déformations dentaires concernant des requins ont soulevé un large intérêt <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>. Nous sommes en mesure d’ajouter quelques données supplémentaires.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Quelques contributions précédentes</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Nos premières contributions sur des anomalies dentaires chez des requins sont épuisées depuis longtemps. Nous estimons qu’il est préférable de présenter ici les données correspondantes.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Des dents symétriques chez un requin tigre actuel, <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic> (Lesueur, 1822)</title>
            <sec>
               <p>L’identification des dents de requin-tigre est aisée, de par leur forme très particulière, avec une seule cuspide presque « couchée » vers la commissure.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Au début de notre étude sur la faune ichthyologique pliocène de Farol das Lagostas, Angola <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref> and <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, nous avons établi des comparaisons avec des mâchoires actuelles, notamment pour vérifier si des dents apparemment trop grandes pour l’espèce miocène <italic>Galeocerdo aduncus</italic> pourraient être rapportées à <italic>G. cuvier</italic>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>À notre surprise, un exemplaire de la collection d’anatomie comparée du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, n° 1894-299, présentait, sur la mâchoire supérieure gauche, une neuvième file après la symphysaire, avec des dents <italic>symétriques</italic>, dont la morphologie tout à fait différente pourrait, sans le moindre doute, amener quelqu’un à les attribuer, si elles sont isolées, à un taxon nouveau (<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref> pl. III, Figs. 14–15) (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref> and <xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>). La file en question est suivie de deux autres (10<sup>e</sup> et 11<sup>e</sup>, les plus proches de la commissure), dont les dents ont une forme tout à fait normale, mais dont la cuspide est orientée vers la symphyse, situation de réversion qui ne semble pas avoir été décrite auparavant. Sur le maxillaire droit du même exemplaire, la 11<sup>e</sup> file est renversée, mais sans changement de la morphologie dentaire.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Le développement de dents symétriques semble avoir eu lieu comme si le processus s’était développé en partie normalement, permettant le développement de la moitié mésiale, mais à l’envers quant à la moitié distale, ce qui est corroboré par les files suivantes, dont la genèse a résulté d’une inversion de l’orientation normale.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Anomalies dentaires chez <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> Ameghino, 1906</title>
            <sec>
               <p>On avait repéré des anomalies dentaires chez un requin miocène de l’Angola, <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> (<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Figs. 3–8</xref>) (<xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref> (pp. 115–120, 220–221), dont le statut taxonomique a été discuté (<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref> p. 41, pl. IV, Figs. 35–39). En effet, des « genres » et « espèces » différents avaient été décrits d’après des dents supérieures et inférieures de positions diverses, à dentelures effacées par abrasion ou non. Le genre <italic>Carcharoides</italic> a depuis été restauré et séparé de <italic>Lamna</italic>, mais <italic>Oxyprinichthys</italic> et <italic>Priodontaspis</italic> ont été considérés comme des synonymes (<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref> p. 95).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Parmi des anomalies (<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref> p. 41), on remarque :<list>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>, une torsion de la cuspide simple, mais exagérée dans le sens normal, symphysial → commissural – dent très latérale supérieure gauche, vue labiale ;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 4</xref>, cuspide à torsion simple mais en sens inverse (anormal) commissural → symphysial – dent latérale supérieure gauche, vue labiale ;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 5</xref>, torsion double de la cuspide, tant dans le sens commissural → symphysial (anormal), qu’en sens labial – dent probablement supérieure droite de position assez mésiale, profil mésial et vue labiale ;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 6</xref>, dent supérieure latérale droite, usée par abrasion, montrant un type de torsion de la cuspide à courbure en sens lingual ; vue labiale et profil mésial ;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 7</xref>, dent très latérale supérieure gauche à forte torsion de la couronne et des racines, de manière à développer une concavité externe (côté labial) – vue occlusale, profil mésial et vue labiale ;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 8</xref>, dent antérieure supérieure droite à cuspide à courbure simple dans le sens symphysial → commissural, vue labiale.</p>
                     </list-item>
                  </list>
               </p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Matériel nouveau, description</title>
            <sec>
               <title>Dents associées, coalescentes par les racines, de <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> (Agassiz, 1843)</title>
               <sec>
                  <p>Octávio Mateus a récolté deux dents coalescentes de <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> dans le Maastrichtien de Bentiaba (auparavant S. Nicolau), 14°16′06 S 12°21′41 E. Le site se place dans le bassin de Namibe (jadis, Moçâmedes) (<xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref> pp. 92–93 &amp; 217). La pièce appartient au Departamento de Geologia de l’université Agostinho-Neto, à Luanda, Angola, et a été déposée à titre temporaire au musée de Lourinhã, Portugal.</p>
               </sec>
               <sec>
                  <p>L’espèce <italic>S. pristodontus</italic> a été reconnue depuis longtemps dans la région. Elle a été interprétée comme une forme essentiellement pélagique (<xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref> pp. 118, 4, 136–138).</p>
               </sec>
               <sec>
                  <p>L’exemplaire montre clairement deux couronnes distinctes, implantées sur une racine coalescente très développée (<xref rid="fig4" ref-type="fig">Fig. 9</xref>). Il correspond à deux dents supérieures latérales successives. Nous avons utilisé pour comparaison les figures de Dartevelle et Casier <xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>, dont la plupart concernent S. Nicolau.</p>
               </sec>
               <sec>
                  <p>La couronne de la dent la plus mésiale est presque normale, sauf pour sa partie distale raccourcie, qui n’a pas pu se développer normalement en raison de la contrainte due à la dent suivante. Le bord coupant est denticulé ; sa partie mésiale est longue, courbe, un peu convexe. Il est pourtant très raccourci distalement (après la pointe), et présente une irrégularité quant à la taille des denticules.</p>
               </sec>
               <sec>
                  <p>La couronne de la seconde dent est normale dans sa partie distale, au-delà de la pointe. La partie mésiale a été modifiée par le même évènement traumatique au cours de sa formation. En effet, la couronne n’a pas pu se développer normalement dans une place restreinte à cause de la dent précédente. La partie médiale du bord coupant est, par conséquent, très convexe. Elle présente une irrégularité dans le bord coupant, qui est presque symétrique par rapport au cas de l’autre, décrite ci-dessus.</p>
               </sec>
               <sec>
                  <p>La racine maintient quelques traces de sa nature double.</p>
               </sec>
               <sec>
                  <p>La morphologie de la seconde dent, dont l’aspect est bossu, très convexe, sera discutée plus loin.</p>
               </sec>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Une dent anormale du requin géant éteint <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> (Agassiz, 1843)</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Une dent fort anormale (<xref rid="fig5" ref-type="fig">Fig. 10</xref>) a été récoltée (M.T.A.) à Quinta da Conceição, près de Alto de S. João, Lisbonne (subdivision Va2, Burdigalien tout à fait supérieur, environ 16,4 Ma) <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La couronne est épaisse, en triangle étroit en vue latérale, asymétrique, proéminente dans la partie arrière de la surface labiale et un peu tordue en direction distale. En profil mésial (ou distal), la couronne est un peu courbe labialement. La racine est complète, à lobes asymétriques.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La dent est étroite mésio-distalement, ce qui suggère une latérale gauche de la mandibule.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La plupart de l’émail denticulé du bord coupant a été perdue, mais certainement pas par abrasion post mortem. Le bord coupant distal est complet. Il présente ce qui pourrait être pris comme un double pli de l’émail à sa portion inférieure, mais sans définir clairement une petite cuspide latérale isolée.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Dent anormale de requin-citron, <italic>Negaprion</italic> cf. <italic>eurybathrodon</italic> (Blake, 1862)</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Une dent anormale de requin-citron (<xref rid="fig6" ref-type="fig">Fig. 11</xref>) provient des assises du Langhien, division Vc du Miocène de Lisbonne (environ 15,3 Ma), immédiatement à l’ouest du bâtiment IV.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Les requins-citron ont presque disparu dans la série miocène de Lisbonne après la division Vc. Le spécimen étudié est, en effet, l’un des derniers que l’on connaisse au Portugal.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La pièce est presque complète et très bien conservée. Nous estimons – sous réserves – qu’il s’agit d’une dent supérieure gauche de l’une des premières files (<xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref> pl. XIII, Fig. 80), <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref> (p. 124, Fig. 105B, C). Les côtés labial et lingual de la cuspide sont lisses, à l’exception des anomalies décrites dans la suite. En outre, le bord coupant devait être régulier, mais cette régularité est interrompue par des plis.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La partie supposée distale de la racine semble un peu plus épaisse et plus courbe que ce à quoi l’on pourrait s’attendre. Toutefois, les différences les plus remarquables par rapport aux dents normales concernent la couronne, dont la forme est irrégulière, avec des proéminences bien nettes à la surface labiale. La cuspide est un peu inclinée dans le sens labial. Il y a une échancrure bien marquée du côté mésial. Une échancrure plus petite est placée près la pointe de la cuspide du côté distal ; elle concerne également le bord coupant distal. La base de la couronne montre une torsion, qui semble accompagner celle de la racine.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Discussion et conclusions</title>
            <sec>
               <p>C’est donc pour la toute première fois – pour autant que nous le sachions – que l’un de nous (M.T.A.) a mis en évidence <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref> la présence d’une file de dents anormales, symétriques, dans le maxillaire gauche d’un requin-tigre actuel, <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic>. Cette file est suivie, vers la commissure, par deux autres, dont la forme des dents semble normale, mais où elles sont orientées en sens inverse (mésial). Ces anomalies semblent résulter d’un événement traumatique. Les tissus producteurs de dents, quoique atteints, ont poursuivi la production dentaire, simultanément en orientation normale et à l’envers, dans le cas de la file à dents symétriques, et seulement avec l’orientation à l’envers pour les deux dernières files. Il est question d’un cas d’inversion de l’orientation normale au cours du développement dentaire.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Des anomalies dentaires assez communes ont été reconnues <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref> chez <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> : pour la plupart d’entre elles, il s’agit de divers types de torsion de la cuspide, quelquefois concernant également la racine.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Deux dents successives, coalescentes, de <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> sont particulièrement intéressantes. La couronne de la dent la plus mésiale est presque normale, sauf en sa partie distale raccourcie, laquelle n’a pas pu se développer normalement, en raison de la contrainte due à la dent suivante. Le bord coupant, très raccourci distalement, présente une petite dépression, qui aurait pu avoir été produite par un évènement traumatique tel que la morsure d’une partie dure d’une proie.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La partie distale de la couronne de la seconde dent est normale. La partie mésiale a été modifiée au cours de sa formation par le même événement traumatique. En effet, la couronne n’a pas pu se développer normalement dans une place restreinte, à cause de la dent précédente. La partie mésiale du bord coupant est, par conséquent, très convexe. Les caractères anormaux des deux dents résultent en un trou, qui paraît mouler la section de l’objet dur mordu.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La forme gibbeuse de la seconde dent, à bord coupant mésial très convexe, rappelle la forme des dents correspondantes de <italic>Squalicorax kaupi</italic>, qui est un membre de la lignée du Crétacé supérieur <italic>S. falcatus</italic> (Cénomanien–Santonien) → <italic>S kaupi</italic> (Coniacien–Campanien) → <italic>S. pristodontus</italic> (Campanien supérieur et Maastrichtien ; aucune survivance n’a été observée au-delà de ce dernier étage, donc au Tertiaire). Dans cette lignée, on vérifie une augmentation de taille nette et assez régulière, en plus de changements morphologiques dentaires importants, mais graduels. Comme la pièce étudiée le suggère, la différenciation de l’espèce la plus dérivée, <italic>S. pristodontus</italic>, peut avoir résulté de <italic>S. kaupi</italic>, du fait de l’accroissement de la taille et, par conséquent, du développement de mâchoires plus spacieuses où les dents pourraient devenir plus larges mésio-distalement.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Chez une dent anormale de <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic>, la plupart de l’émail du bord coupant a été perdue. Ceci doit être en rapport avec la morsure de pièces squelettiques dures de proies telles que les siréniens alors communs, <italic>Halianassa cuvieri</italic>, et pourrait éventuellement résulter de lésions des tissus producteurs de dents. La dent en question a été perdue en vie après utilisation. On ne peut pas conclure que de telles anomalies ont affecté une seule dent, ou bien l’ensemble des dents de la même file.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Une dent de <italic>Negaprion</italic> du Miocène moyen est fort asymétrique, soit au niveau de la couronne, soit à celui de la racine. Dans l’état actuel de nos connaissances, c’est le premier cas d’anomalie dentaire signalée chez des requins-citron, d’ailleurs pas très semblable à d’autres concernant la famille Carcharhinidae, dont <italic>Carcharhinus leucas</italic>, <italic>C. obscurus</italic> et <italic>C. plumbeus</italic> (<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>
                  <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 5A–D</xref>). En revanche, une dent de <italic>Paranomotodon</italic> sp. présente une structure similaire, même s’il s’agit d’un Lamniforme du Crétacé (<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>, p.110, <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 6C</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>En général, des événements traumatiques ayant atteint les tissus producteurs de dents semblent responsables des anomalies décrites précédemment.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>1</label>
         <title>Introduction</title>
         <sec>
            <p>The knowledge on fossil shark teeth improved a lot owing to several memoirs by Maurice Leriche, mostly on Cretaceous and Tertiary material from Belgium. Leriche observed carefully modern specimens. This is of major importance in order to evaluate the differences related to position in the jaws.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Later on, this task was dealt with by several authors, among them Miguel Telles Antunes and Simon Jonet <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, and notably Henri Cappetta <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>In many modern sharks, teeth are lost and replaced at a rate of about one tooth every day or two. Hence, a single shark may produce thousands of teeth during its lifetime. Owing to its composition (biogenic fluorapatite, which is resistant and insoluble), isolated shark teeth are common as fossils. They can also be a useful tool for stratigraphic purposes, as they often have a very broad geographic distribution. Help may also be significant for palaeoenvironmental interpretation, since they may be very meaningful as far as depth and water temperature are concerned.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Interpretation may be difficult because of individual variation and morphological and size differences according to position in the jaws. These increase the risks of erroneous identification and could contribute to the description of supposedly new taxa. Furthermore, anomalies and tooth deformities may occur. Abnormal features have been recognized in many recent and fossil sharks. Most if not all (explanations as disease and mutation were proposed, but have been more or less discarded) result from diet or feeding damage to the tissue from which the teeth develop (<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref> p. 116). A few cases have been dealt with by one of us (M.T.A., next chapter).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Most feeding-related injuries result, as in extant sharks and probably in fossil ones too, from injury in tooth-producing tissues (direct tooth damage may occur) by ray-tail spines or stout bonefish ones. All this suggests as more probable that injury was made to the mandible because it is more mobile.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Miocene shark material has been collected in the Lisbon area and the Setúbal peninsula <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref> and <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>, most of it in well-defined stratigraphic conditions, since the whole basin is one of the best known and its chronology is accurate <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref> and <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Discoveries of large-sized teeth were frequent in Lisbon. Many were found by sandpit and clay exploitation workers. Superb <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> specimens have been obtained, partly by Georges Zbyszewski and Octávio da Veiga Ferreira, other ones by one of us (M.T.A.).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Specimens were often secured from river sands under commercial exploitation, where they had been deposited after erosion sorted them out from somewhat earlier marine sediments. They are often more or less abraded. Collecting conditions worsened as sandpit exploitation was forbidden in ca. 1967 and entirely ceased.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>New collecting was carried out afterwards through washing and sieving of sediments. This allowed us to reach a more balanced view of the shark faunas, since thousands of small specimens hitherto unknown or nearly so were recovered. Very large ones are scarce; their rather high number in collections is related to distortion in collecting, since they are by far easier to see <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Other localities were searched, i.e. at the Caparica Campus (‘Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa’). A few specimens have been picked up by M.T. Antunes (22 October 1991) at the outcrop just westwards of the Building IV. Among them, there is an especially interesting, abnormal tooth of lemon-shark in Langhian, lower Middle Miocene, ca. 15.3 Ma sediments.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Another interesting occurrence has been obtained in May 2005 by O. Mateus in the Late Cretaceous of southern Angola.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Shark tooth deformities aroused much interest. A rather thorough account has been presented <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>. We can add some further data, in part concerning taxa without any known record so far.</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>2</label>
         <title>Some previous contributions</title>
         <sec>
            <p>Our first accounts on shark teeth anomalies have long been published, but are now difficult to obtain. We therefore preferred to expose here the concerning data.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <label>2.1</label>
            <title>Symmetrical teeth in an extant tiger-shark <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic> (Lesueur, 1822)</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Teeth from <italic>Galeocerdo</italic> are easy to recognize because of its peculiar, asymmetrical shape characterized by a single cusp that is strongly bent towards the commissure. This is constant both in lower and upper teeth (that do not differ much in shape), even in those that are close by the symphysis.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>When we started the study of the Pliocene ichthyologic fauna from Farol das Lagostas, Angola <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref> and <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, comparisons were established with modern jaws when trying to ascertain if fossil tiger shark teeth, apparently too large for the common Miocene <italic>Galeocerdo aduncus</italic>, could be ascribed to the extant <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Much to our surprise, a specimen from the ‘Collection d’anatomie comparée’, ‘Muséum national d’histoire naturelle’, Paris, No. 1894-299, revealed in its upper jaw (left maxillary) a file (the 9<sup>th</sup> after the symphysial one) that presents <italic>symmetrical</italic> teeth, whose startlingly different morphology would undoubtedly lead someone to describe them, if isolated, as a new taxon (<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref> pl. III, Figs. 14–15; <xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref> and <xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>). This file is followed by two other ones – the closest to the commissure, 10<sup>th</sup> and 11<sup>th</sup> – where the teeth shape appears as normal and therefore if isolated, no abnormality could have been detected. However, these last files are reversed – with the whole tooth and especially the cusp oriented <italic>towards the symphysis</italic>, a hitherto unknown situation. In a similar but attenuated way, the right maxillary shows a reversed last (11<sup>th</sup>) file; all teeth are normally shaped. Both abnormalities may probably be related to the same traumatic event that hurt mainly the left side.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The development of these abnormally shaped, symmetrical teeth seems to have occurred as if the process went on normally in part, helping to the development of the teeth mesial half, but occurred <italic>in a reverse sense</italic> in what concerns the distal half. This is corroborated by the next files, whose formation resulted from an inversion of the teeth development's normal orientation.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Dental abnormalities are not common in the extant tiger-shark <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier.</italic> No case was observed by us among the rather large number of teeth from Pliocene sites close to Farol das Lagostas, near Luanda, Angola [idem]. As far as we know, ours is the very first account on dental abnormalities in <italic>Galeocerdo</italic>
                  <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Later on, Gudger (<xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref> pp. 276–277, Figs. 20–21) described a few abnormal <italic>Galeocerdo</italic> teeth from Bahamas and the western coast of Florida that approach a symmetrical structure, but show a bicuspid crown. These teeth resulted from hurts. On the other hand, divided tooth-row cases have been described by the same author (<xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref> p. 275, Fig. 19), but “<italic>la cause véritable de l’anomalie n’était pas apparente et n’a pu être précisée</italic>” <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. However, none reveals any dental reversion as the one we have detected <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. Reversion has been observed in other sharks, as in <italic>Sphyrna zygaena</italic>, <italic>Galeorhinus zygopterus</italic>, and <italic>Somniosus pacificus</italic> (<xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref> p. 243, <xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref> and <xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>). Unaware of our previous contributions, this author states (our <italic>italics</italic>) “Gudger's study material, representing eight species of sharks, did not include specimens with tooth pattern reversal, <italic>a previously unreported dental abnormality described below</italic>” (<xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref> p. 242).</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <label>2.2</label>
            <title>Tooth anomalies in <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> Ameghino, 1906</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Anomalies were found in teeth of a very common shark, <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> Fl. Ameghino from Miocene beds in southern Angola. These specimens (<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Figs. 3–8</xref>) were collected by M.T. Antunes in 1961, 1963 (<xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref> pp. 115–120 &amp; 220–221) and 1967. We discussed then (ibid.) its taxonomic status: the valid description by Florentino Ameghino with the corresponding illustration was published in his 1906 paper, not in his previous note (1901) where the name <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> appears for the first time.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>We (<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref> p. 41, pl. IV, Figs. 35–39) discussed the confusing taxonomic status of this shark, because different ‘genera’ and ‘species’ had been described on the upper and lower teeth of diverse positions, whether abraded or not. The genus <italic>Carcharoides</italic> has since then been restored and segregated from <italic>Lamna</italic>, but <italic>Oxyprinichthys</italic> Ameghino and <italic>Priodontaspis</italic> Ameghino were considered as junior synonyms, as we had shown (<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref> p. 95).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>A chapter dealt with dental abnormalities (<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, p. 41), including:<list>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>, simple but exaggerated torsion of the cusp in the (normal) symphysial → commissural sense in an upper left very lateral tooth, labial view;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 4</xref>, simple cusp torsion but in the reverse, anomalous, commissural → symphysial sense in an upper left lateral tooth, labial view;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 5</xref>, double torsion of the cusp both in the anomalous, commissural → symphysial sense and in outwards, labial sense in an uncertain position (probably an anterior upper right) tooth, mesial profile and labial views;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 6</xref>, an upper right lateral, abraded tooth that also shows another kind of cusp torsion, i.e. bent inwards (lingually), labial and mesial profile views;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 7</xref>, strong torsion of both the crown and the roots of an upper very lateral tooth, developing a concavity outwards (labially), occlusal, mesial profile and labial views;</p>
                     </list-item>
                     <list-item>
                        <label>•</label>
                        <p>
                           <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 8</xref>, an upper right anterior tooth with a simply bent cusp in the normal symphysial → commissural sense, labial view.</p>
                     </list-item>
                  </list>
               </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The samples presented before and now show that dental abnormalities are quite common in <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic>. These often correspond to severe deformations in the crown as well as in the root. Traumatic events are certainly responsible for deformation, even if it is difficult to characterize it in detail. Batoid and catfish spines may account for most abnormalities through hurting of teeth-producing tissues. This is consistent with data on the ichthyologic fauna where <italic>totuserratus</italic> is one of the main elements along with spiny prey.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>3</label>
         <title>New material, description</title>
         <sec>
            <label>3.1</label>
            <title>Associated, root-coalescent teeth of <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> (Agassiz, 1844)</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Octávio Mateus secured in the coastal Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) outcrop at Bentiaba (formerly known as S. Nicolau), 14°16′06″ S 12°21′41′ E, a few <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> (Agassiz) teeth, including a set of two coalescent teeth. The site concerns the Namibe (formerly Moçâmedes) basin (<xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref> pp. 92–93 and 217). The specimen under study belongs to the ‘Departamento de Geologia’ of the Agostinho Neto University in Luanda, Angola, and is on temporary loan at the Lourinhã Museum, Portugal.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>
                  <italic>S. pristodontus</italic> is common in Maastrichtian units and has been recognized long ago in the concerned area. After evidence from the same area, its occurrence was interpreted as corresponding to an essentially pelagic form (<xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref> pp. 118, 136–138).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>One of the recently collected specimens is especially interesting. Although it is a single object, it clearly shows two distinct, separate crowns on a large, coalescent root (<xref rid="fig4" ref-type="fig">Fig. 9</xref>). It corresponds to two successive lateral teeth from the left upper jaw. For the sake of comparison, we took into account the excellent figures by Dartevelle and Casier <xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>; most specimens are from S. Nicolau.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The crown from the more mesial tooth is almost normal, except for its shortened distal part, which could not develop normally. This is related to the constraint due to the mesial part of the following tooth. The mesial cutting edge is long, curve, moderately convex, and distinctly serrated. However, distally (after the apex), it is much shortened and presents an irregularity in denticle size.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The crown from the second, distal tooth is normal in its distal part after the apex. Its mesial part has been modified during its formation by the same traumatic event. The crown could not develop normally in a restricted space because of the preceding tooth. The medial part of the cutting edge is therefore very strongly convex and presents a corresponding irregularity in the cutting edge, which is nearly symmetrical with the above-described one. The abnormalities in the two teeth result into a hole that seems to cast a section of the bitten hard object, like bone or ray spine.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The intimately coalescent root keeps traces of its double nature that appears as a middle natural bulge followed by what could at first glance be taken for a groove. The root appearance is otherwise the normal one for the same species, being flat, basally notched, with numerous minute foramina plus a very few small ones (a single foramen on the lingual surface, a few further ones on the labial surface).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The morphology of the second tooth with its gibbous, strongly convex mesial cutting edge is interesting from a phyllogenetic viewpoint.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>As far as we are aware, no dental abnormalities seem to have been described in <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> until now. Apparently, teeth-producing tissues were hurt by an object that could not tear or cut entirely it and allowed the parts to heal together.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <label>3.2</label>
            <title>An extinct giant shark <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> (Agassiz, 1843) abnormal tooth</title>
            <sec>
               <p>A few <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> teeth show some abnormal features. One tooth presents a higher degree of abnormality. We (M.T.A.) collected it (<xref rid="fig5" ref-type="fig">Fig. 10</xref>) at Quinta da Conceição, near Alto de S. João/Lisbon, in the Va2 stratigraphic subdivision, uppermost Lower Miocene/Uppermost Burdigalian, ca. 16.4 Ma <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The concerned tooth is almost complete, except for small areas where enamel is lacking near the base of the crown (mainly at the labial surface), and in the mesial cutting edge until close by the point. The shape is clearly anomalous, the thick crown being narrowly triangular in lateral view, asymmetrical, bulging at its rear part in the labial surface, and somewhat bent distalwards. In mesial (or distal) profile, the crown is somewhat bent outwards. The root is complete; its two lobes are asymmetric.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>As shape is atypical, the determination of the position in the jaws is prone to discussion. The tooth is narrow mesio-distally. This suggests that it is a left lateral tooth from the mandible. Of course, we cannot ascribe the specimen to anyone of the tooth files.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Most of the finely serrated enamel in the mesial cutting edge has been lost, but certainly not through post mortem abrasion. Small chunks of the underlying dentine were also lost, as well as in the point. On the other hand, the distal cutting edge is complete. It shows what could be regarded as an enamel double wrinkle at its lower end, but not clearly defining a lateral, isolated, and distinct cusplet. Cusplets normally occur mesially and distally in the crowns of teeth from the Oligocene <italic>Carcharocles angustidens.</italic> Reduced or vestigial lateral cusplets may still occur in <italic>C. megalodon</italic>, more frequently in Lower Miocene representatives.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Although pathologies occur in many <italic>megalodon</italic> teeth from Lee Creek Mine (N.C.) (<xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref> p. 134), only three are shown; one of them (Burdigalian or Zanclian age not stated) is quite similar to the one under study [ibidem (Fig. 40b)] and equally resulted from injury. Another example is the <italic>megalodon</italic> pathologic tooth regarded as the holotype of a new species, <italic>Carcharodon akitaensis</italic> (<xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref> 259, <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref> and pl. I).</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <label>3.3</label>
            <title>A lemon-shark, <italic>Negaprion</italic> cf. <italic>eurybathrodon</italic> (Blake, 1862), abnormally shaped tooth</title>
            <sec>
               <p>A few fish teeth have been collected by M.T. Antunes (22 October 1991) just westwards of Building IV, Monte de Caparica Campus. Among them, there is an abnormal tooth of lemon-shark (<xref rid="fig6" ref-type="fig">Fig. 11</xref>) in Langhian, lower Middle Miocene, ca. 15.3-Ma sediments from the Vc division of the Lisbon basin.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Lemon-shark teeth are common in the same basin since the uppermost Lower Miocene (Uppermost Burdigalian, Va2 subdivision, ca. 16.4 Ma) until lower Middle Miocene (Langhian, Vc division, ca. 15 Ma). <italic>Negaprion</italic> is one among the termophilous elements that occurred then, along with the nurse-shark <italic>Ginglymostoma</italic>, the Red Sea, Indian Ocean to China sea shark <italic>Hemipristis</italic>, the tiger-shark <italic>Galeocerdo</italic>, as well as the ‘bull’ shark <italic>Carcharhinus</italic> sp. (<xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref> p. 285, etc.). On the other hand, less warm water sharks, as the mako (<italic>Isurus</italic>), are exceedingly rare.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Lemon-sharks nearly disappeared from the Vc division upwards in the Lisbon Miocene series. Although many shark teeth have been collected in the Tortonian VIIa and VIIb divisions, ca. 11 to 10 Ma, there is none from <italic>Negaprion</italic>. Its latest occurrence in the Lisbon series is in the VIa division (Serravallian, ca. 12 Ma), but this is only based in old collection material and has not been confirmed since. The specimen under study is indeed one of the latest so far known in Portugal.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The abnormal tooth is almost complete and very well preserved. According to the asymmetric shape of the root and that of the crown, which is distinctly oblique distalwards, we tentatively regard it as a left upper tooth from one of the first files (<xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref> (pl. XIII, Fig. 80),12 (p. 124, fig.  105B, C)). Both labial and lingual sides of the cusp would be smooth, except for the abnormalities described as follows. The cusp's cutting edge would be smooth too, but this regularity is broken by abnormal notches.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The supposed distal part of the root seems a little thicker and more bent than it could be expected. However, the most remarkable differences apart from the normal teeth concern the crown. Its shape is irregular, with distinct prominences in the labial surface. A well-marked notch occurs in the mesial side; it corresponds to an irregular pattern shown by the cutting border. A smaller notch appears close to the point of the cusp on the distal side and concerns the distal cutting edge. The part of the crown at its distal base (close by the root) shows some torsion that seems to be in agreement with the torsion of the root.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The torsion of the crown, although present, cannot be accurately evaluated. The small enamel cutting-edge distal extremity is the only part of the tooth that is lacking; its base shows that it should be curve, with its concavity open on the lingual side. The mesial profile shows the irregularity that corresponds to the notch as well as the somewhat labially bent cusp.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The record of pathologic anomalies in <italic>Negaprion</italic> is poor. Cadenat (<xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref> p. 566, pl. VIII) recognized abnormalities in three out of the 18 extant <italic>N. brevirostris</italic> mandibles. One of these mandibles shows a type-2 abnormality: a <italic>Dasyatis</italic> caudal spine damaged the dental formation tissue, this being fragmented in at least two parts, each one originating a succession of teeth that are different in shape and size from the normal ones. The other cases concern type 3 (partial amputation with remaining tissue producing a single series of smaller teeth, different from normally-shaped ones as a result of an <italic>Arius</italic> spine injury) and type 4, a more superficial lesion that resulted in more or less normally sized teeth with slight deformations. In the case under study, the first we know concerning a fossil lemon-shark, type 4 would probably be appropriate. Significantly, catfishes as <italic>Arius</italic> and tail-spined batoids were then common in the concerned area.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <label>4</label>
         <title>Discussion and conclusions</title>
         <sec>
            <p>For the first time as far as we can ascertain, a file of abnormal, <italic>symmetrically</italic> crowned teeth had been found by one of us (M.T.A.) <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref> in an extant <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic>, this file being followed towards the commissure by two files with apparently normally shaped teeth, but with the reverse orientation, the cusp being directed mesialwards. This seems to have resulted from a traumatic event. The left maxillary's injured teeth-producing tissues went on producing simultaneously in the normal and in a reverse orientation for the symmetrical teeth file, and only in the reverse orientation for the two last files. It is truly a case of inversion of the normal orientation in teeth development.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Dental abnormalities have been recognized long ago <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref> in <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic>: several types of cusp torsion and sometimes of the root too. Dental anomalies are therefore quite common in <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Two successive, upper left jaw coalescent lateral teeth from Maastrichtian <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> are most interesting. Although the crowns remain distinct, the roots are merged. The crown from the more mesial tooth could not develop normally owing to the constraint due to the mesial part of the following tooth. It is much shortened distally and presents a small groove. The mesial part of the crown from the following tooth is normal in its distal part, but could not develop normally in a restricted space because of the preceding tooth. The medial part of the cutting edge is therefore strongly convex and presents a corresponding irregularity in the cutting edge, nearly symmetrical to the above-described one. The abnormalities in the two teeth result in a hole that seems to cast a section of the bitten hard object, like bone or ray spine. A small groove could have been produced by trauma in biting a hard part of a prey. The tooth-producing tissue was probably cut by a foreign object, although not completely, allowing healing of both parts into one single dental unit.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>The second tooth gibbous, strongly convex mesial cutting edge recalls the typical shape of the corresponding teeth from <italic>Squalicorax kaupi</italic>, a member of the Upper Cretaceous lineage <italic>S. falcatus</italic> (Cenomanian–Santonian) → <italic>S. kaupi</italic> (Coniacian–Campanian) → <italic>S. pristodontus</italic> (Upper Campanian and Maastrichtian, with no survival beyond this stage into the Tertiary). In this lineage, there has been a distinct and quite regular size increase as well as important, but gradual, morphological dental modifications.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>As the specimen under study suggests, the differentiation of the most derived species <italic>S. pristodontus</italic> may have resulted from <italic>kaupi</italic> through size increase and development of more spacious jaws, where teeth could became broader mesio-distally.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>In an abnormal Miocene <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> tooth, most of the finely serrated enamel in the mesial cutting edge has been lost. This is related to cutting prey's hard skeletal parts as bones from the common sirenian <italic>Halianassa cuvieri</italic> (cetaceans were then very scarce in the same region), eventually damaging tooth-producing tissues. The specimen was shed and lost in life after use. We cannot tell if this abnormality occurred in an isolated tooth or in the teeth from the same file. No <italic>C. megalodon</italic> similar abnormal teeth seem to have been described so far.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>A Middle Miocene <italic>Negaprion</italic> abnormal tooth from Monte de Caparica presents asymmetric root and crown, as described.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>As far as we know, this is the first record of pathologic tooth anomalies in lemon-sharks. This case does not seem closely similar to other ones concerning the family Carcharhinidae, i.e. the bull shark <italic>Carcharhinus leucas</italic>, the dusky shark <italic>Carcharhinus obscurus</italic>, and the sand bar shark <italic>Carcharhinus plumbeus</italic> (<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>
               <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 5A–D</xref>). There is however a deformed <italic>Paranomotodon</italic> sp. tooth that presents a similar deformed structure, even if it is from a much older (Cretaceous) Lamniform shark (<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref> p. 110, <xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 6C</xref>).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Trauma on the tooth-forming tissues seems to be responsible for the abnormalities described here.</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
   </body>
   <back>
      <ack>
         <title>Acknowledgements</title>
         <p>Thanks are due to Octávio Mateus (Lourinhã Museum), who discovered the Angolan <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> specimen and communicated it to us for study, Prof. João Pais for some useful suggestions, and H.-C. Cappetta for many data that allowed us to improve our work.</p>
      </ack>
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   <floats-group>
      <fig id="fig1">
         <label>Fig. 1</label>
         <caption>
            <p>Maxillaries of an extant tiger-shark, <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic> (‘Collection d’anatomie comparée’, ‘Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris’, No. 1894-299). On the left side (to the right in the photograph), there is a file of <italic>symmetrical</italic> teeth (<bold>a</bold>), whose startlingly different morphology would undoubtedly lead someone to describe them, if isolated, as a new taxon (<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref> pl. III, figs. 14 and 15). The last two distal files (<bold>b</bold>) show teeth of normal morphology, but in an abnormal position, with reversed, mesially oriented points. Reversion also occurs in the right maxillary last file. (Scale: about half natural size).</p>
            <p>Fig. 1. Maxillaires d’un requin-tigre actuel, <italic>Galeocerdo cuvier</italic> (Collection d’anatomie comparée, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, n° 1894-299). Remarquer, du côté gauche (côté droit sur la photo), une file de dents <italic>symétriques</italic> (<bold>a</bold>), dont la morphologie très différente pourrait amener, si on ne les avait pas trouvées à l’état isolé, à les rapporter à un nouveau taxon (<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref> pl. III figs. 14 and 15). Les deux files les plus distales (<bold>b</bold>) présentent des dents dont la morphologie est normale, mais pas leur position : en fait, orientées à l’envers, les pointes étant orientées mésialement. Il y a également réversion de la dernière file du maxillaire droit. (Échelle : environ la moitié de la taille naturelle).</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr1.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="fig2">
         <label>Fig. 2</label>
         <caption>
            <p>The same. Detail. (Scale: ca. × 1).</p>
            <p>Fig. 2. Même spécimen. Détail. (Échelle : environ × 1).</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr2.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="fig3">
         <label>Figs. 3–8</label>
         <caption>
            <p>
               <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> Fl. Ameghino (<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref> p. 41, pl. IV, figs. 34–39) abnormal teeth from (probably Lower) Miocene beds from Porto Alexandre area in the Namibe (formerly: Moçâmedes) basin in southern Angola. <bold>3</bold>, Upper left distal tooth, labial view, where the cusp is exaggeratedly bent towards the commissure. <bold>4</bold>, Upper left distal tooth, labial view, with a normally developed cusp, but with its point mesially reversed. <bold>5</bold>, Lower left tooth with a twisted cusp (<bold>a</bold>, mesial profile; <bold>b</bold>, labial view)). <bold>6</bold>, Upper right lateral tooth devoid of mesial denticle and with a twisted cusp (<bold>a</bold>, labial view; <bold>b</bold>, mesial profile). <bold>7</bold>, Upper left lateral tooth with twisted crown and root (<bold>a</bold>, occlusal view; <bold>b</bold>, mesial profile; <bold>c</bold>, labial view). <bold>8</bold>, Upper lateral right tooth, labial view, with an abnormally bent cusp. (Scale: 2.5 mm.)</p>
            <p>Figs. 3–8. <italic>Carcharoides totuserratus</italic> Fl. Ameghino (<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref> p. 41, pl. IV, figs. 34–39) dents anormales du Miocène (probablement inférieur) des environs de Porto Alexandre, dans le bassin de Namibe (ville auparavant nommée Moçâmedes), Angola du Sud. <bold>3</bold>, Dent supérieure gauche, distale, vue labiale, dont la cuspide est inclinée vers la commissure d’une façon exagérée. <bold>4</bold>, Dent supérieure gauche, distale, en vue labiale, montrant une cuspide normalement développée, mais dont la pointe est redressée en direction mésiale. <bold>5</bold>, Dent inférieure gauche à cuspide tordue (<bold>a</bold>, profil mésial ; <bold>b</bold>, vue labiale). <bold>6</bold>, Dent supérieure droite, latérale, dépourvue de denticule mésial et avec cuspide tordue (<bold>a</bold>, vue labiale ; <bold>b</bold>, profil mésial). <bold>7</bold>, Dent supérieure gauche, latérale, à couronne et racine tordues (<bold>a</bold>, vue occlusale ; <bold>b</bold>, profil mésial ; <bold>c</bold>, vue labiale). <bold>8</bold>, Dent supérieure droite, latérale, vue labiale, avec cuspide à courbure anormale. (Échelle : 2,5 mm.)</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr3v8.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="fig4">
         <label>Fig. 9</label>
         <caption>
            <p>
               <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> (Ag.), two coalescent, successive lateral teeth from the upper left jaw, labial (<bold>a</bold>), lingual (<bold>b</bold>) and occlusal (<bold>c</bold>) views. Bentiaba, Namibe basin, southern Angola. Maastrichtian. Scale: 50 mm.</p>
            <p>Fig. 9. <italic>Squalicorax pristodontus</italic> (Ag.), deux dents successives, latérales gauches de la mâchoire supérieure, coalescentes, vues labiale (<bold>a</bold>), linguale (<bold>b</bold>) et occlusale (<bold>c</bold>). Bentiaba, bassin de Namibe, Angola du Sud. Maastrichtien. Échelle : 50 mm.</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr9.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="fig5">
         <label>Fig. 10</label>
         <caption>
            <p>
               <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> (Ag.), an abnormal, probably left lateral tooth from the mandible, lingual (<bold>a</bold>), labial (<bold>b</bold>), and distal profile (<bold>c</bold>) views. Scale: 100 mm.</p>
            <p>Fig. 10. <italic>Carcharocles megalodon</italic> (Ag.), dent anormale, probablement une latérale gauche de la mandibule, vues linguale (<bold>a</bold>), labiale (<bold>b</bold>), et profil distal (<bold>c</bold>). Échelle : 100 mm.</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr10.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="fig6">
         <label>Fig. 11</label>
         <caption>
            <p>
               <italic>Negaprion</italic> cf. <italic>eurybathrodon</italic> (Blake), an abnormal maybe a left upper tooth from one of the first files, lingual (<bold>a</bold>), oblique labial (<bold>b</bold>), and labial (<bold>c</bold>) views. Scale: 25 mm.</p>
            <p>Fig. 11. <italic>Negaprion</italic> cf. <italic>eurybathrodon</italic> (Blake), dent anormale peut-être supérieure gauche de l’une des premières files, vues linguale (<bold>a</bold>), labiale oblique (<bold>b</bold>) et labiale (<bold>c</bold>). Échelle : 25 mm.</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr11.jpg"/>
      </fig>
   </floats-group>
</article>